What contraceptive methods are available?

Condoms are used during sex and are the only contraceptive method that also protects against many sexually transmitted infections.

Contraceptive pills are taken daily. Some contain both oestrogen and progestogen, while others contain progestogen only. Contraceptive vaginal rings and patches contain both types of hormone. These methods must be used correctly and consistently to prevent pregnancy.

A contraceptive implant is a small rod placed under the skin of the upper arm and works for several years.

Hormonal IUDs and copper IUDs are placed inside the uterus by healthcare professionals and work for several years. Hormonal IUDs often reduce menstrual bleeding. Copper IUDs do not contain hormones and may cause heavier bleeding and more period pain.

Some people experience mood changes or low mood while using hormonal contraception. Research has found associations between certain hormonal contraceptive methods and depression, but findings differ between studies, and an association does not necessarily mean that contraception caused it. If you notice a mood change after starting or switching contraception, talk to a school nurse or doctor. Together you can assess your symptoms and whether another method might suit you better.

The best choice depends on your health, your preferred bleeding pattern and which method you can use in a way that suits your daily life. Tell your healthcare professional about medicines you use, migraines, previous blood clots and other conditions they ask about. Different methods have different advantages and limitations.

Ask specific questions: How do I start? When am I protected? What should I do if I miss a dose, and which symptoms should I bring up? Ask about follow-up if you experience side effects. You can change your mind and get help switching methods while maintaining pregnancy protection where needed.

You usually do not need a gynaecological examination just to talk about contraception or start taking contraceptive pills. Some methods require other assessments, and inserting an IUD involves an examination and procedure. Healthcare professionals can explain what applies to the method you are considering.

Pregnancy prevention and protection against infections are different needs. Condoms may be appropriate even when you use another method. You can ask to speak privately and find out how confidentiality rules apply to your age and situation.